The most widely used research measure for visual imagery vividness. Developed by David Marks in 1973 and used in hundreds of studies on mental imagery, aphantasia, and hyperphantasia. A score at or near the maximum (80) is the standard indicator of aphantasia — the absence of voluntary mental imagery.
How to answer: For each item, close your eyes and try to form a mental image of what is described. Then rate how vivid that image is — from perfectly clear (1) to no image at all, only knowing (5). If you have aphantasia, you may find that you simply "know" what something looks like without seeing anything. Rate those items as 5.
Note on scoring direction: Unlike most questionnaires, a higher score here means less vivid imagery. A score of 80 (all 5s) indicates complete aphantasia. A score of 16 (all 1s) indicates hyperphantasia.
This is a screening questionnaire, not a diagnosis. It was developed for research and produces a score that indicates whether a fuller assessment may be worth pursuing. A score cannot tell you whether you are aphantasic. Only a qualified clinician working with your full history can do that.
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